## Wednesday, April 18, 2018

### Studying discrete-time dynamical systems (VII): some updates and Python code

A kind reader of Hobbymaths asked me to publish the code to visualize the images that I showed at my former post (here). So here it is, it is a bit long, but I think the comments in the code are self-explanatory. You will need Python Anaconda in order to run properly the code and generate the images. Basically you will need to save the code into a text file, for instance "dynamical_system_test.py" and then run in command line (my testing environment is Windows 10 + Python) "python dynamical_system_test.py". Currently I am preparing a paper about this topic, but it will take some months to be finished, maybe there will be something ready for the end of $2018$.

The code as it is written will generate $100$ images, which are the visualizations of the evolution of the control parameter time $t$ of the following families of dynamical systems:

$$S_{D}=\{(x,y, f(z)): (x_{n+1},y_{n+1}) = (Im(f(x_{n} + y_n i)\cdot\sin{D}, Re(f(x_{n} + y_n i))\cdot\cos{D})\}$$

Where $f(z)=\frac{1}{(z+1)^t}$, and initially $t \in \Bbb [1,2]$ (it can be greater than $2$ but for the purpose of the code I have set $2$ as the maximum value to be calculated). It will generate the attractors for $t=1.01, t=1.02, \cdots , t=2.00$. For each $t$, the control parameters $D$ and $n$ will run through $D \in [0,2\pi]$ in $8 \cdot 10^3$ steps, and $n \in [0,8 \cdot 10^3]$, and the images are showing the region $z=[+/-5]+[+/-5]i$, for the initial condition $(x_0=0,y_0=0)$.

Please be aware that generating the images takes time! each one of them takes around $10$ minutes in a good computer. And also you need to re-dimension the width of the images with a program like e.g. Gimp2 (the explanation is written in the code). So it will generate (between others) the following images one by one sequentially:

$f(z)=\frac{1}{(z+1)}$ (this will be the first one it generates):

$f(z)=\frac{1}{(z+1)^{1.1}}$:

$f(z)=\frac{1}{(z+1)^{1.2}}$:

$\cdots$

$f(z)=\frac{1}{(z+1)^{2}}$ (this image is the last one that will generate):

And if you use an application to join the images you will obtain the following video (it took me some days to render it):

So here is the code, enjoy it and, if you find new interesting variations of the model please let me know (please keep the reference to this post in the comments so other people can find the original information here, thanks!):

# Studying discrete-time dynamical systems (VI): mathematical models
# for symmetry and asymmetry and some biological coincidences
# keys: recurrence-relations, dynamical-systems, visualization,
# experimental-mathematics, chaotic-systems
# Done by Hobbymaths:
# http://hobbymaths.blogspot.jp/2018/01/studying-discrete-time-dynamical.html

def nds():
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from math import pi, e
from random import randint
from cmath import sqrt, sin , cos, tan
from scipy.special import digamma

# Each system is iterated up to [ntestlimit] times
# value of n: It can be a higher value but for the
# tests is a good enough number to arrive to the sink points
ntestlimit = 8000

# Complete list of points of each system, the first point
# of the list is the (x,y,z) seed
# each dynamical system will have up to [ntestlimit] points.
# If we arrive to a sink point before the [ntestlimit]
# iteration there is not need to continue, so the quantity
# of elements will be smaller.
st=[]

# Splitted lists of x,y and z coordinates of the points obtained
# on each iteration of the system stored at the [st] list
lox = []
loy = []
loz = []

# D parameter range
MinD = 0
MaxD = 8000

for expo in range (100,201):
t = expo/100
print("Exp " + str(t))

lox = []
loy = []
loz = []
plt.clf()

# We will generate a dynamical system for each D parameter
# from [MinD] to [MaxD] included.
for f in range (MinD,MaxD):
D=(f/MaxD)*(2*pi)

st=[]

#Initial condition of the dynamical system
icx=0
icy=0

st.append([icx,icy,0])

# We will generate up to [ntestlimit] points of the current
# dynamical systes for a fixed D.
# if we arrive to a sink point we do not need to continue the
# loop up to [ntestlimit] because the
# point will be repited again (so we do not need to plot more
# than once the sink point)
for n in range (1,ntestlimit):
# We read the former the previous iteration point
# (oldx,oldy,oldz)
oldx=st[len(st)-1][0]
oldy=st[len(st)-1][1]
oldz=st[len(st)-1][2]

# Then we calculate the f(z) function for the current
# (x_n-1,y_n-1) values.
c=1/((oldx+(oldy*(1j)))+1)**(t)

# calculate new (x_n,y_n)
newx=(c.imag)*sin(D)
newy=(c.real)*cos(D)

# The z coordinate is just a trick to give a depth in
# space to the points according to D
st.append([newx.real,newy.real,D])

# Once we have generated the points of the current D
# dynamical system, we have a set of points S_D
# (where D is the D number). E.g S_1, S_2, etc.

# This loop below will detect where the cycle begins BEGIN
tlox=[]
tloy=[]
tloz=[]

there_is_cycle=False

for idx in range(0,len(st)-1):
if not(abs(st[idx][0])<5 and abs(st[idx][1])<5):
continue
if len(tlox)==0:
tlox.append(st[idx][0])
tloy.append(st[idx][1])
tloz.append(st[idx][2])
else:
tmpl=st[idx+1:]
if st[idx] in tmpl:
tmpval=tmpl.index(st[idx])+1
there_is_cycle=True
break

tlox.append(st[idx][0])
tloy.append(st[idx][1])
tloz.append(st[idx][2])

if there_is_cycle:
lox.extend(tlox)
loy.extend(tloy)
loz.extend(tloz)
pass
else:
lox.extend(tlox)
loy.extend(tloy)
loz.extend(tloz)
pass
# This loop below will detect where the cycle begins END

# we set black color to the background and white color to the points
ax = plt.gca()
#ax.set_axis_bgcolor((0, 0, 0)) # old Python code
ax.set_facecolor((0, 0, 0))     # new Python code (change depending of Python version)
figure = plt.gcf()

print(str(f)+"\r", end='')

if f==MaxD-1:

#image resolution 32000x3200 pixels
#you will need to redimension width to 3200 pixels to see the image
#e.g. with the application Gimp2
figure.set_size_inches(320, 32)

# If we have generated all the family of dynamical systems,
# then we will print them all together
plt.plot(lox,loy,",w")

# Uncomment if you just want to diplay them
#plt.show()

# This will save the image associated with the dynamical system in a file
# You can create a video using VirtualDub.exe
plt.savefig("dynamical_system_inv_1_exp_"+str(expo)+"_D"+str(MaxD)+"_n"+str(ntestlimit)+"_icx_icy_"+str(icx)+"_"+str(icy)+"_Acot5_5.png")

nds()

Update and caveat: I doubted about adding this to the post, because it is quite pareidolic and can be misunderstood, but just for fun! It is the following family of dynamical systems:

$$S_{D}=\{(x,y, f(z)): (x_{n+1},y_{n+1}) = (Im(f(x_{n} + y_n i)\cdot |\sin{D}|, Re(f(x_{n} + y_n i)) \cdot |\cos{D}|)\}$$

Where $f(z)=\frac{1}{(z+1)^2}$ (so $t=2$ is fixed). As usual, the control parameters $D$ and $n$ will run through $D \in [0,2\pi]$ in $8 \cdot 10^3$ steps, and $n \in [0,8 \cdot 10^3]$, and the images are showing the region $z=[+/-5]+[+/-5]i$, for the initial condition $(x_0=0,y_0=0)$.  The only difference from the inital model is the absolute value applied to the sine and cosine functions, just that.

So this is the generated image:

Now if we rotate left $90$ degrees, and zoom in the center of the image, we have a peculiar pareidolic version of the Kubrick's movie "2001: A Space Odyssey" starchild (well, sort of, at least in my case when I saw it I remembered the reference to the movie), so for your viewing pleasure:

## Sunday, January 14, 2018

### Studying discrete-time dynamical systems (VI): mathematical models for symmetry and asymmetry and some biological coincidences

Let us do today some experimental mathematics. In my former posts  I have shown some stages of stochastic systems that look very "organic". Indeed they seem to have organic-like symmetrical and asymmetrical properties: while there is a clear axis of symmetry, both sides are not exactly symmetrical. Verifying the content of both sides of the axis it is possible to see that the main structures are symmetrical but there are small sub-structures that are only in one of the sides. It is very similar to the asymmetry that can be found in Nature, e.g. the human body looks externally symmetrical in a global level, but it is not. The human face, limbs, etc. are not symmetrical indeed, they are not exact mirrored copies.

The mathematical models I was able to find seem to have some of these characteristics, so I am showing in the current post some biological coincidences of some stages of them and real life organic structures at different scale levels. For instance, jellyfish umbrella-shaped bells, sand wasp bodies and tardigrade limbs can be reflected at some extent with this type of complex systems. The pictures I am using at the right side of the images are just for the sake of completeness (they belong to their respective owners, I do not own them, if there is any problem I will remove them, so just please let me know):

1. The mathematical model (left) explained in this previous post shows similarities with (right) jellyfish structures (e.g. umbrella-shaped bell, including bioluminiscence patterns), the sand wasps and other similar insect bodies and the limbs of tardigrades. Click to enlarge:

2. The mathematical model (left) explained in this previous post shows similarities with some families of moths with rounded wings (right). Click to enlarge:

It would be great if these complex systems were able to be humbly used at some extent for some field of biology. For now they are just coincidences, I hope the readers will enjoy the samples.

3. A slight variation of the mathematical model explained at point 1 shows similarities with the bodies of some families of moths (e.g. Acherontia atropos). Click to enlarge:

This is the original image in full version. Click to enlarge:

I will try to expand this chimerical bestiary as much as possible.